King Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII

As we saw, the long struggle for temporal power between Germany's emperors and Rome's popes came to an end. But the struggle continued. And it was the same old struggle. All that changed was the field of conflict and the contestants. As we will see, that field was now France, and the contestants the King of France, Philip IV, and Pope Boniface (1294-1303). The separate history of France began with the partition of Verdun in 843. As has already been explained, Charles the Great, who succeeded...