God’s Servant: Gottschalk of Orbais (Double Predestinarian and Martyr)

This article examines Gottschalk of Orbais (c. 803-868), a 9th-century monk who anticipates Reformed theology by over 750 years in his emphatic defense of double predestination, limited atonement, and a symbolic view of Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper. Hanko traces Gottschalk's life, education, and theological development, highlighting how this early defender of sovereign grace doctrines faced opposition from church authorities despite his conviction that he was defending orthodox Christian teaching.